Relevant Course / Subjects to Artificial Intelligence

Philosophy : Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system, foundations of learning, language, rationality.

Mathematics: Formal representation and proof, algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability

Probability/Statistics: Modeling uncertainty, learning from data

Economics: Utility, decision theory, rational economic agents

Neuroscience: Neurons as information processing units.

Psychology/ Cognitive Science: How do people behave, perceive, process cognitive information, represent knowledge.

Computer engineering: Building fast computers

Control theory: Design systems that maximize an objective function over time

Linguistics: Knowledge representation, grammars.

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Object-Oriented Programming and JAVA Programming Language

Object-Oriented Programming and: Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm using "objects" – data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions – to design applications and computer programs. Programming techniques may include features such as data abstraction, encapsulation, messaging, modularity, olymorphism, and inheritance. Many modern programming languages now support OOP, at least as an option. JAVA Programming Language: Object-oriented programming is at the core of Java. In fact, all Java programs are object-oriented, this isn’t an option the way that it is in C++, for example. OOP is so integral to Java that you must understand its basic principles before you can write even simple Java programs. Therefore, this chapter begins with a discussion of the theoretical aspects of OOP.

Compilation Process of a C++ Program

Compiling a C++ program involves a number of steps (most of which are transparent to the user): · First, the C++ preprocessor goes over the program text and carries out theinstructions specified by the preprocessor directives (e.g., #include ). The result is a modified program text which no longer contains any directives. · Then, the C++ compiler translates the program code. The compiler may be a true C++ compiler which generates native (assembly or machine) code, or just a translator which translates the code into C. In the latter case, the resulting C code is then passed through a C compiler to produce native object code. In either case, the outcome may be incomplete due to the program referring to library routines which are not defined as a part of the program. For example, Listing 1.1 refers to the << operator which is actually defined in a separate IO library. · Finally, the linker completes the object code by linking it with the object code of any lib...

Read or input form user in Java using BufferedReader

BufferedReader use to read text from a character-input stream, buffering characters so as to provide for the efficient reading of characters, arrays, and lines.The buffer size may be specified, or the default size may be used. The default is large enough for most purposes. In Java BufferedReader is a efficient method to read an input. Here given a short example to read a string from user and print it: package palindrome; import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.InputStreamReader; public class inputExample { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String s = new String(); s =br.readLine(); System.out.println(s); } }

Programming, Data Structures & Algorithms

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